Global Issues in Contemporary Hispanic Women's Writing by Cibreiro Estrella;López Francisca;

Author:Cibreiro, Estrella;López, Francisca;
Language: eng
Format: epub
Publisher: Taylor & Francis Group

NOTES

1. I wish to thank UCLA doctoral candidate Luis Cuesta for his assistance in locating and making available to me many of Alicia Puleo's publications.

2. The combination word “ecofeminism” is preferred over feminist ecology or ecological feminism because it reflects the fusion of the two movements or bodies of theory into one unified vision.

3. Double militancy, feminist activism and allegiance to a political party with other goals, has plagued Spanish feminism from at least the 1920s when, during Spain's first feminist wave, some Spanish feminists were allied with workers’ socialist, anarchist, and communist movements and organizations. For the most part the (male) leaders of these movements argued that the first order of business was to obtain better working conditions for all (although this meant mostly men). They believed that women's particular concerns must wait until a workers’ revolution had been achieved. Anarchist Federica Montseny's career is a good example of the tensions between feminism and political ideologies. While, for the most part, she accepted the Anarchist hierarchy's placing workers’ goals over those of women, in some of her writing she does focus on women's problems. The tensions between leftist politics and feminism resurfaced in 1975 when Spanish feminism got a second wind after the demise of dictator Francisco Franco. Feminism had actually begun to reemerge in the 1960s as part of the underground political activity of leftist groups. This double militancy caused rifts in the nascent feminist movement as early as 1979.

4. While Zambrano's articles on women published in the left-leaning El Liberal in 1928 and her earliest long essay Horizonte del liberalismo (1930) could make her a source for equality feminists, her 1934 essay “Hacia un saber sobre el alma” and much of her writing in exile point toward her move to the interior realm, the “soul,” which coincides with difference feminism's notion of partir de sí. Tellingly, Elena Laurenzi's annotated anthology of Zambrano's writings on women is titled Nacer de sí misma, hinting at affinities between some of Zambrano's ideas and Italian difference feminist theory. Her analyses of Zambrano's essays also draw parallels with French feminist thinkers such as Luce Irigaray.

5. For example, equality feminists reacted strongly to the utopian vision typical of much difference feminist thought, reflected in the title of Victoria Sendón de León's Sobre diosas, amazonas y vestales. Utopías para un feminismo radical (1981). A utopian urge can also be detected in some ecofeminist theory and is evident in the title of Alicia Puleo's most recent book Ecofeminismo: Para otro mundo posible. Sendón de León, however, lashes out at rational logic, a philosophical tool that Puleo, along with her mentor Cèlia Amorós, never relinquishes.

6. See my article “Issues and Arguments” for a discussion of some of the aspects of Spanish feminist theory that distinguish it from that of other Western countries.

7. Important women philosophers included in Filosofía, género, pensamiento crítico who Puleo identifies as foundational to ecofeminist thought are Carol Gilligan, Evelyn Fox Keller, and Jessica Benjamin (128 –132).

8. From a somewhat different perspective, she

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